People take part in a demonstration against the circulation of bitcoin in San Salvador, on September 7, 2021. (MARVIN RECINOS / AFP)
SAN SALVADOR – El Salvador's historic adoption of bitcoin as legal tender on Tuesday was beset by teething problems, as an angry protest by mistrustful citizens, technological glitches and a dip in the cryptocurrency clouded the rollout.
The bold experiment got off to a bumpy start when shortly after midnight, Salvadoran President Nayib Bukele complained the government-backed bitcoin app was not available on various internet platforms including Apple.
The bold experiment got off to a bumpy start when shortly after midnight, Salvadoran President Nayib Bukele complained the government-backed bitcoin app was not available on various internet platforms including Apple
Bukele used his Twitter account to press online stores to stock the app, or digital wallet, known as Chivo. But when the app proved unable to cope with user registrations, the government unplugged it in order to connect to more servers and increase capacity.
Still, as the app began appearing on more platforms, Bukele was by afternoon retweeting videos posted on social media with people making payments using bitcoin at retailers in El Salvador including McDonald's Corp and Starbucks Corp.
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"El Salvador is taking a great step forward today," said Carlos Garcia, who went to a booth at a San Salvador shopping mall giving out advice on how the new currency would work.
Starbucks' El Salvador unit said it was accepting bitcoin for purchases at its restaurants, drive-through facilities or to go.
Promising US$30 of bitcoin for each user, Bukele has pushed for its adoption, saying it will help Salvadorans save US$400 million a year on commissions for remittances, while giving access to financial services to people with no bank account.
"We must break the paradigms of the past," Bukele tweeted. "El Salvador has the right to advance towards the first world."
Bukele, 40, is one of the most popular presidents in the Americas, but has been accused of eroding democracy. Opinion polls showed Salvadorans are skeptical about using bitcoin, fearing its volatility and unsure of how it will work.
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More than 1,000 people held a protest in San Salvador on Tuesday against the adoption of bitcoin, burning a tire and setting off fireworks in front of the Supreme Court.
As the currency's price wobbled, the government purchased an additional 150 bitcoins on Tuesday, worth around US$7 million.
Still, the poorest may struggle to access the technology needed to make bitcoin work in El Salvador, where nearly half the population has no internet access and many more only have spotty connectivity.
"I'm going to continue suffering with or without bitcoin," said sweets seller Jose Herrera, who said he had trouble accessing a mobile phone.
Some say the adoption of bitcoin may fuel illicit transactions and financial instability. It has already muddied the outlook for more than US$1 billion in financing that El Salvador is seeking from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
US Tensions
Ahead of the launch, El Salvador bought 400 bitcoins worth around US$20 million, Bukele said, helping drive its price above US$52,000 for the first time since May. Hours later, bitcoin had weakened and last traded down 0.51 percent at US$46,561.74.
Ethereum, another crypto currency, fell 0.32 percent to US$3,404.05, while crypto exchange Coinbase Global slid 4.18 percent after reporting delays in some transactions on its platform.
The change means businesses should accept payment in bitcoin alongside the US dollar, which has been El Salvador's official currency since 2001 and will remain legal tender.
It remains unclear whether businesses will be penalized if they do not accept bitcoin.
In the run-up to the launch, the government installed ATMs that allow bitcoin to be converted into dollars and withdrawn without commission from the digital wallet Chivo.
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"Like all innovations, El Salvador's bitcoin process has a learning curve," Bukele said in a tweet. "Not everything will be achieved in a day, or in a month."
In barely two years in office, Bukele has taken control of almost all levers of power. But although he has promised to clean up graft, the US recently put some of his close allies on a corruption blacklist.
Last week, top judges appointed by Bukele's lawmakers ruled that he could serve a second term, breaking away from a constitutional rule that forbade consecutive terms.
Analysts fear the adoption of bitcoin, whose transaction records are distributed across the internet, beyond the reach of national jurisdictions, could encourage money laundering.
After the bitcoin law was approved, the ratings agency Moody's downgraded El Salvador's creditworthiness, while its dollar-denominated bonds have also come under pressure.
The World Bank reiterated on Tuesday it could not help El Salvador in adopting bitcoin "given environmental and transparency shortcomings," a bank spokesperson said.
